Oil Spills Is A Huge Source Of Ocean Pollution - 1192 Words

Julia Hanania Science 1 September 2015 Percentage similarity: Water Essay: Oil Spills In this essay the advantages and limitations of bioremediation, biostimulation, and biofermentation with regard to environmental factors will be discussed and evaluated. Ship pollution is a huge source of ocean pollution, the most devastating effect of which is oil spills (Causes and Effects of Ocean Pollution†). Ship contamination is a gigantic wellspring of sea contamination, the most crushing impact of which is oil Spills. Unrefined petroleum goes on for a considerable length of time in the ocean and is amazingly lethal to marine life, regularly choking out marine creatures to death once it ensnares them. Raw Petroleum spills are extremely hard to clean up, when it is separated it is there to remain. What s more, numerous boats lose a huge number of boxes every year because of tempests, crises, and mischances. This results in noise pollution, algae, and ballast water. The first solution, bioremediation, is the most prominent and promising new innovation accessible to clean the oil spills, which possibly could uproot the oil in an innocuous way, from even the most obstinate and untidy situations, where it has sunk into shorelines and mangrove bogs, and even in submerged oil crest. Some naturally occurring microbes that process crude oil are known to exist in the ocean (â€Å"PROOYEN†). Be that as it may, the measure of oil spouting into the sea as a consequence of the BP oil spill is muchShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Oil Pollution On The Environment1739 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Oil pollution is one of the most significant form of the damage to the marine environment, and it is a serious global issue. It can bring huge bad effects to the environment, marine lives and even the human being. It happens during the process of oil exploitation, transportation, handling, processing and use, due to leakage and emissions of oil caused by pollution, mainly in the ocean (Zhao, 2010). While the oil floats on the sea surface, it can spread and form oil film rapidly, andRead MorePollution : Why Is It Important?1288 Words   |  6 PagesPollution Prevention- Why is it Important? Oil spills are difficult to clean up in the Gulf of Mexico. Spills like BP’s 4.9 million barrels spill are even harder to clean up. One of the reasons for this difficult task is that oil spills are never alike. It is estimated that approximately 706 million gallons of oil enter the ocean every year. Offshore drilling and production operations and spills from ships or tankers typically contribute less than 8 percent of the total that enter the ocean eachRead MoreEnvironmental Problem: Ocean Dumping and Trash Pollution636 Words   |  3 PagesEnvironmental Problem – Ocean Dumping and Trash Pollution Ocean water takes up seventy percent of the entire Earth’s surface and ninety-six percent of water found is in the oceans. Ocean water is a wonderful resource for travel, recreational purposes and is the largest habitat for plants. Additionally, one in every six jobs held by a United States citizen is marine-related. Also, â€Å"biological productivity of the ocean plays a vital role in the global climate and carbon cycle and provides nearly 50Read MoreThe Negative Human Impacts On The Oceans1104 Words   |  5 PagesThe Negative Human Impacts on the Oceans It was Mihaljo Mesarovic, the author of â€Å"Mankind at the Turning Point†, who once said â€Å"The Earth has cancer and the cancer is man†. He was definitely onto something. In fact, humans have had a major negative impact on the world’s marine environment. Throughout recent human history, it has been obvious that the wellbeing of the marine environment has been in jeopardy. Pollution of the ocean, overfishing and the greenhouse gases these are all the aspects thatRead MoreAnalysis Of Seafarming At The End Of The World By Peter Meehan1096 Words   |  5 Pagesenvironment has been in jeopardy. Pollution of the ocean, overfishing and the greenhouse gases these are all the aspects that can cause the destroying of the precious environments, such as reefs, sea-grass and coastal habitats. According to the essay and interview â€Å"Seafarming at the End of the World†, written by Peter Meehan, he presents the fact that human impact on the ocean is the main rea son that causes the awful situation of marine ecosystem and organisms. Although the ocean covers approximately twoRead MorePoint Source Pollution Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesReview of Literature Introduction Pollution has been an ongoing program that dates back thousands of years and consists of air, noise, water, light, soil, thermal, and radioactive forms (causes). This research paper will concentrate on water pollution, types, causes, and solutions to deal with what possibly will lead to an inevitable destruction of our environment, leading to water ways that cannot sustain life. Life cannot exist without clean, or non-polluted water. Since our drinking water andRead MoreEssay about Environmental Pollution1267 Words   |  6 Pages Environmental Pollution ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Automobiles like these are around the world everyday, and their exhaust destroys our air everyday. Our environment is a major aspect of our life today. Many of us dont take our Earth seriously and think that as long as pollution doesnt hurt them they can go ahead and throw garbage on the ground or spill oil down the drain. Well to many people have that theory and they are killing off our Earth and also physically harming themselves from the airRead MoreThe Environmental Problem Of Oil Spill1393 Words   |  6 Pages Oil Spill A B S T R A C T Oil spill pollution, a severe environmental problem which arouses in a marine environment or in the water bodies, has grown into an alarming scale with the increase in oil production and transportation. Causes are either accidental or due to operational failure. Henceforth, it is almost impossible for marine life not to be a victim of this vulnerable zone. Our planet has the largest oil reserves, occasionally it cracks and rarely causes a major accident. However, humanRead MoreWater Pollution and Water Scarcity Essay1309 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom different sources. Water may surround us but there are still shortages. Water allows us to live but it could be harmful to our bodies when polluted. Humans and natural disasters can cause damage to the water supply It is important to conserve water whenever possible (â€Å"Drinking Water, â€Å"2008). Oceans make up two-thirds of the Earth (â€Å"Drinking Water,†2008). It is made up of saltwater. This water is not useable for humans to drink or use for food. Even though it is not a water source for organismsRead MoreOcean Pollution Essay2574 Words   |  11 PagesOcean Pollution â€Å"Over 80% of marine pollution comes from land-based activities† (WWF, May 4, 2006, p.1). The rest comes from ocean-based activities. Different types of pollution enter the ocean each year. The major pollutants are oil, toxic materials, and debris. These materials not only pollute the ocean, but they also affect the marine life. Before the 1970s there were no laws to prevent and stop people from dumping pollutants into the ocean. Since the early 1970s many laws and regulations

Organizational Structures And Organizational Cultures For...

Executive Summary The first task of the report of assignment ‘Organization and Behaviour’ deals with the comparison of various different kinds of organizational structures and organizational cultures for different organizations. In addition, the task takes into account the impact of the culture and the structure of organization on the functions and operation of business. However, the various factors which influence the individual performance and behaviour at work is also given emphasis in this part of the report. The second task of the assignment brings forth the effective styles of leadership which can be adopted by the different types of organizations. Likewise, the recommendation of the most suitable style of leadership for the organization is also discussed in the second task of the report. Alternatively, the various aspects of organizational theory which underpins the management practice are also explained in detail in the second task of the report. In the third task of the report, the impact of different kinds of leadership styles on motivation is elaborated. Along with this, change in the strategic decisions to be undertaken for effective result is discussed. Simultaneously, the various motivational theories and there use in creating positive work environment is detailed in this task of the report. The last task of the report provides details of the nature of group and its behaviour within the organization. In addition, the factors which hinder the performance ofShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Structure and Culture661 Words   |  3 PagesOrganizational Structure and Culture Introduction In this week’s assignment we will be looking at organizational structure and organizational culture. We will first look at how organizational culture impacts organizational structure and vice versa. Then look at how organizational structure interacts and impacts the organization’s decision process. Organizational Cultures Impact on Organizational Structure The first part of this week’s assignment was to look at how organizational structure impactsRead MoreAnalyse the Structure of Sony in 1999 and the Restructuring In20031391 Words   |  6 PagesKomonkitisakun Student no.1244197 The different in organization cultures are mainly related to the practices between companies, while the national culture are associated with the values that held deeply and difficult to change. Employees can adapt themselves to the organization culture and they can follow the leaders in an organization. However, if conflicts occurred between their national cultural values and the organizational culture, the organizational culture would be undermined. There are manyRead MoreReshaping Organizational Culture Using the Burke-Litwin Model1110 Words   |  4 Pagesreshape the culture of an organization in an image they feel is more appropriate. The group went to Mexico to impose American ideas about organizations, power, gender roles and other American cultural ideas on an organization in a foreign culture. This paper will describe their efforts using the lens of the Burke-Litwin model for organizational change. Burke-Litwin The Burke-Litwin Model seeks to explain the processes and influences by which organizational change occurs. The organizational change processRead MoreOrganizational Culture And Its Functions863 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION Organizational culture involves systems of beliefs and values that guide the behavior of individuals within the organization and how they shape behavior (Kummerow, 2013). Organizational structures, on the other hand, dictate the assignment, coordination and control of roles and responsibilities to achieve organizational goals (Pathak 2011). For a company to perform effectively it needs to grow, organizational development is one element of growth that focuses on practice an research focusedRead MoreCulture and Structure1270 Words   |  6 PagesSome form of organizational culture and structure exist in every organization. Successful organizations are often credited with having an appropriate organizational culture and/or structure in place that allows them to reach success. Many companies can believe that they have the needed structure in place to assure success; yet they fail where others succeed. Some work very well, and some just do not work at all. For any organizational culture and structure to function properly, it seems as thoughRead MoreCulture Metaphor - Morgan G.19861442 Words   |  6 Pagesof the major strengths of the culture metaphor rests in the fact that it directs attention to the symbolic significance of even the most rational parts of organizational life ( Morgan, G. 1986) Discuss the issues raised in the quotation above, and comment on: †¢ †¢ †¢ the effects of organization culture on the design of organization structure; the effects of national culture on organization culture; and the ways in which power exists in different organization cultures. Metaphor is a method to explainRead MoreGoogle s Organizational Structure And Organizational Culture1564 Words   |  7 PagesOrganization Structure Organizational structure is the framework around the different groups which is organized. It is like a manual that tells your organization and the customers how the organization operates and what is obtained in order to keep the business moving towards success. Structure gives the customers a clear guideline on how to proceed and binds them together. It is important to deal with structure when the organization is developing and think about the flow at the beginning whenRead MoreOrganizational Analysis : Organizational Structure1521 Words   |  7 Pagesthe week titled â€Å"Experiments in Organizational Structure† I noticed two themes, self-managed teams and organizational culture. There was a clear divide of organizational culture between the companies such as Moosewood Collective and Zappos versus Amazon and Enron. The readings for the week were well-rounded and demonstrated that each culture had positive and negatives. However, research can enhance what organizational c ulture has been found to be the best culture in creating successful companiesRead MoreOrganizational Structure And Culture At Lone Tree Convalescent Hospital1054 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Structure and Culture Organizational structure is the hierarchy of authority and description of the arrangement of employees within an organization (Sullivan Decker, 2009). Organizational culture is the pattern of learned values, attitudes, and behaviors in the organization’s members (Schein, 1990). Organizational environment describes the conditions of the work setting. Characteristics of a positive organizational environment include communication, collaboration, effective decision-makingRead MoreOrganizations Are Developing Very Quickly And Touching1341 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizations are developing very quickly and touching new heights as things have become available worldwide, organizations are not limited to the physical parameters as their existence is found everywhere where ever there is demand of the products. The ultimate aim of the organization is to get noticed all around the globe, and to attain this achievement at the global level the crucial elements which play a significant ro le are organizational cultural system and the organization structure. The employees

Advertising Education or Condemnation Essay Example For Students

Advertising Education or Condemnation Essay Lets talk about images for example, most advertisements for clothing (i.e. bathing suits etc), show shapely thin women and men. This has led our country to think that fat is demeaning and not socially accepted. This type of advertising has caused everyone to want to look like the people in the ads. Diets of all sorts have been developed to try to meet these expectations. But when their goals are not reached it causes depression, low self-esteem that in turn causes a poor image is developed. In my opinion these advertisements have a negative outreach. Who is to say only thin people look great? Advertisements do! These ads also have created anorexic teenagers, which has lead to serious health problems and even death. Advertisements often do not explicitly urge the consumer to buy a given product; rather they promise that the products will enhance a persons life. Opening a whole range of desiderata including youthfulness, attractiveness, social grace, security, success, conviviality, se x, romance and the admiration of others. (Parenti page 204)Advertising can also be educational and rewarding with regards to prices and who offers the best deal. One such publication that informs consumers of the best-tested and best-priced items is Consumers Magazine. This magazine has a test facility that tests various items of same kind without bias and reports to the consumer via there magazine. Advertising is not created and used just to provide a smug example of public morality, advertising is honest because it has to be. (Wood page 225). What I mean by honesty is the product information is not all ways how it is displayed. Lets address the issues of What we care about, the way we raise our children, our ideas of right and wrong conduct, these in my view are all together. Lets take a look at liquor and tobacco advertising. The image of the Marlboro Man is one example. This type of advertisement depicts a buff, handsome, cool man smoking a cigarette. What message is this conveying to our young people? That it is cool to smoke. We all know it has been proven that smoking cigarettes can cause cancer. I would now like to address all the violence, sex and bad language that is seen and heard on television and radio (i.e. talk shows, MTV, etc.). This type of media attracts all various kinds of people to listen and watch. While the people are entrained in the media being provided the producers throw in a commercial advertisement. This type of advertisement causes the consumer to subliminally change they opinion of various items. Another type of media that the advertisers use is the Dance shows on televisions su ch as soul train. This not only is a display of immoral conduct of our young people then the television stations throw in a commercial advertisement aimed at our young people. A recent media event that was used to force advertisement on the population was when the President of the United States was going through the Monica scandal. Not only did the actions of the President display immoral conduct, which certainly sends a poor message to the people of the world. While the public was entrained in the event the producers once again strategically placed ads in low points causing sway in public opinion on various items. Im not saying that all advertising is negative. The media also sends out some good messages such as be cool stay in school, anti-cigarette commercials that depict the health hazards and negative efforts on the family. We as the consumer in having to evaluate the good from the bad and the pros and cons of advertisement must evaluate what we truly need and what is the best product. In making this determination we need to ensure to make a morally sound decision using good judgement and to feel good about ourselves. .ub897618b3fd60ab1ca7b5e9db852713a , .ub897618b3fd60ab1ca7b5e9db852713a .postImageUrl , .ub897618b3fd60ab1ca7b5e9db852713a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub897618b3fd60ab1ca7b5e9db852713a , .ub897618b3fd60ab1ca7b5e9db852713a:hover , .ub897618b3fd60ab1ca7b5e9db852713a:visited , .ub897618b3fd60ab1ca7b5e9db852713a:active { border:0!important; } .ub897618b3fd60ab1ca7b5e9db852713a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub897618b3fd60ab1ca7b5e9db852713a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub897618b3fd60ab1ca7b5e9db852713a:active , .ub897618b3fd60ab1ca7b5e9db852713a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub897618b3fd60ab1ca7b5e9db852713a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub897618b3fd60ab1ca7b5e9db852713a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub897618b3fd60ab1ca7b5e9db852713a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub897618b3fd60ab1ca7b5e9db852713a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub897618b3fd60ab1ca7b5e9db852713a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub897618b3fd60ab1ca7b5e9db852713a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub897618b3fd60ab1ca7b5e9db852713a .ub897618b3fd60ab1ca7b5e9db852713a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub897618b3fd60ab1ca7b5e9db852713a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Globalisation And Sustainability EssayMost of my views and opinions agree with Shudsons. I like his statement, that advertising is neither misleading and manipulative as its critics claim nor as worthwhile as effective as it advocates assert (Shudson page 229)Advertising cannot exist without the consumer. If the consumer does not purchase the product of misleading ads this will show the companies that using this type of ad will not work. In turn the consumer will be able to get a better product or service. Work Cited:Spurgin, Sally Dewitt Advertising, Michael Parenti and James Playsted Wood and Michael Shudson Strategies for Argument , 1992 by Prentice-Hall Inc. A Simon Shuster Company, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632

The contextual environment

Type of Organization Paediatric well being is an important public health concern. The Children’s Medical Research Institute, (CMRI) is an example of an institution that deals with paediatric health. With its location in Westmead, CMRI is a committed paediatric research centre (CMRI, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The contextual environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The agency conducts basic investigations on diverse areas. These include cancer; cell signalling, and gene therapy. The centre also focuses on research on embryonic development. The institution receives remarkable support from the federal government. There is a notable indulgence of community support groups. The â€Å"jeans for Genes fundraising campaign† is a newly launched support unit. It is one of the fundamental programs for the institution. Philosophy of organization The CMRI practices strategic fundamental approache s. These help to assist the organization accomplish its strategic objectives. There is a widely held conviction that comprehending the most critical inner operations of human cells is important. As indicated within the strategic objectives, this may lead to more innovative and better methodologies. Particularly, these relate to the paediatric diseases (Frank Nass, 2010). It has a proper corporate culture. Mission of the Organization The organization has a strong mission statement. It aims to establish and initiate the operation of critical research teams. The focus is based on the setting up of four research domains. In attaining such ambitious goals, the organization recognizes the urgent need for increased funding and capacity building. These are pertinent issues within its basic operations. The mission statement also emphasizes on the need to create effective collaborations (Gido Clements, 2009). The concept is already eminent within the domestic and global platforms.Advertisin g Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Client Group Served The CMRI has strong commitment to serve the entire community. However, the focus of its research activities is on the paediatric confines. Ideally, this means that the organization seeks to launch empirical investigations (Schwab, 2007). Particularly, these aim at the prevention, control and the general management of most paediatric complications. Policies/Principles and Goals The organization believes that child health complications emanate from the adults. Therefore, it applies strategic research to help solve these challenges. The organization has had immense contributions to the developments within the paediatric health confines. There is an evident development and initiation of innovative empirical techniques in ensuring child survival. The research projects within the organization have remarkable global acknowledgement (Roberts, 2011). The research agency provides critical attention to the processes of human development and maturity. This is observable from the childhood. Resources The organization utilizes the knowledge and expertise of qualified human resources. The basic specialties range from management to the scientific domains (Federico, 2003). Indicatively, it recognizes the need to minimize its basic human resources in order to lower costs. There are also eminent plans to expand its physical buildings and infrastructure. The effective application of technological resources is appropriate for quality performance. Moreover, funding is an appropriate success factor. The Client Group Being Served Presently, most research activities promote good paediatric health within Australia. However, it is evident that these investigations have important implications on the developments within the global health scenario. The young children are the major client group served by the organization.Advertising We w ill write a custom report sample on The contextual environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Management Plan for the Case Study Management Issues Environment Selection and Structure As a â€Å"Jeans for Genes† manager, there are diverse environmental considerations that I would initiate. The identification of appropriate development partners within the general public health domain is necessary. Secondly, real time resource outsourcing mechanisms are appropriate (Roberts, 2011). As a manager, I must be able to initiate the recognition of the significance of the new â€Å"Jeans for Genes† project. Identification and involvement of all stakeholders must be a basic priority within all decision-making processes. Quality Management The improvement of the â€Å"Jeans for Genes† project requires a critical observation and adherence to principles of quality management. As a â€Å"Jeans for Genes† project mana ger, I must emphasize and practice this strategic management approach. In accomplishing this task, it is necessary to address the present management gaps notable within the entire CMRI. Quality assurance programs and monitoring systems must be applicable (Kamerman, Phipps Ben-Aryeh, 2009). They enhance transparency and accountability. Notably, these are appropriate both for the financial resource management and in quality operations. Processes under the â€Å"Jeans for Genes† project must depend on sustainable and economic concepts.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, the manager must stress on the sustainable resource utilization and lowering of costs while increasing funding sources. Staff Selection and Support The management of the â€Å"Jean for Genes† campaign must observe strategic processes during recruitment initiatives. The initiative involves the proper definition of roles and outlining of core competencies required for specific jobs. There must be a health promotion officer and an accountant. The heath promotion officer will develop appropriate interpersonal communication equipment, (IEC) for the campaign. On the other hand, the accountant helps to design economical budgets for campaign. He must also engage in grant writing and inquiry. Since the organization seeks to minimize cost, it is also important to engage the services of an expert economist. Above all, it is important for the â€Å"Jean for Genes† manager to recognize the significance of high leadership capacities (Roberts, 2011). Budget/Resources It is vital to recognize the need to increase strategic collaboration. Moreover, there is an urgent need for external funding. In the first quarter of the 2013/2014 financial year, I must be able to cut the unnecessary budgetary costs. These might involve the reduction of operating and excessive employment costs. Apart from the existing support groups and funding agencies, it is necessary to advocate for more diversified sources of support (Federico, 2003). Personally, I must ensure significant minimizations in the budgetary allocations for staff entertainment in the preceding financial years. The engagement in community volunteering projects and intensive corporate social responsibility initiatives would be critical in outsourcing funds. Other donations including the office stationery, T-shirts and campaign garments may be appropriate. Time Management All scientific investigations require effective mechanisms for time management. Important time management considerations are appropriate. These include capacity building the â€Å"Jean for Genes† team on time management. Adherence to project schedules and implementation cycles is mandatory for the entire project team. As the manager, i must be able to establish significant budget sots and lower to half all financial expenditures by the end of 2013 project cycle. Apart from this, the project must be able to attract potential international donors by the end of this year. Selection and Sequencing of Activities Nature, Needs, Interests and Expectation of Selected Target Group Most children suffer from various health complications. These are notable during their tender ages (Stanford, 1999). The â€Å"Jeans for Genes† must focus on the initiation of critical investigations on these paediatric complications. Since the selected target group is the children, the manager must have dedication to transform the nature of infection trends amongst the group. The interests and expectations require urgent attention. Ai ms of Quality Improvement Project The â€Å"Jean for Genes† initiative aims to establish and initiate critical empirical investigations into the common paediatric illness associated with the human genes. In this project, there is need to conduct real time experiential processes based on the general humanity (Peper, Doorne-Huiskes Dulk, 2005). Global improvements in child health and eradication of hereditary or genetic health complications are some of the basic aims of the project. Objectives of Quality Improvement Project The quality improvement project seeks to utilize basic empirical knowledge related to child health and biological interactions. The process is critical in improving the safety and wellbeing of children and future adults (Kiess, Chernausek Hokken-Koelega, 2009). The initiative is attainable within the global perspective. There is also a need to effectively outsource and utilize basic financial and human resources in accomplishing these noble objectives. Exp ected Outcomes of Quality Improvement Project The project seeks to develop a sustainable methodology of dealing with paediatric infections. In addition, it must be able to initiate dependable empirical investigations within this field. It must achieve maximum and sustainable resource use. These are core principles appropriate within diverse scientific investigations. Sequence of Experiences The investigations within the â€Å"jean for Genes† project must collaborate with other global agencies in accomplishing their strategic objectives (Federico, 2003). The project must also outline clear roles and develop a strong mission statement. This aims to provide innovative approaches towards solving various paediatric health complications. Teaching/Learning Methods/Strategies Monitoring and evaluation processes are applicable in the enhancement of project modification. It is also appropriate for effective learning and teaching within the entire project team. Apart from this, it is si gnificant to observe capacity building and empirical or managerial quality assurance processes. Report of Personal Self Directed Learning and Reflective Learning Personally, as an intended manager for the â€Å"Jean for Genes† project, it is important to emphasize on the relevance of strategic management practices. The professional experience within project management enables me to integrate these strategic management skills within any setting. The experience is very appropriate for the development and achievement within the â€Å"Jean for Genes† project. Expected Outcomes The project must meet all its objectives within the indicated project cycle of 2014. By the first half of 2013, there shall be levelled budgetary expenses. The necessary employees must be obtained by the first quarter of 2013. A part from this, the project must obtain a set of potential donors at the beginning of the 2013 fiscal year. Generally, there is an expectation of an overall reduction and min imization of the targeted paediatric illnesses. Teaching/Learning Steps Some of the vital teaching and learning steps in this process include the application of needs assessment process. The logical project framework is applicable in the determination of teaching or learning requirements. Apart from these, monitoring and evaluation procedures also remain appropriate. Impact Evaluation Program The program must set appropriate deliverables and indicators. These are necessary in the period of project inception (Roberts, 2011). They are vital in the process of impact evaluation a monitoring processes. The management also assumes critical roles in the program evaluation. Clients Client satisfaction surveys are important in the assessment of the project impacts. The establishment of proper linkage mechanism with these clients is important. Generally, the utilization of external data on public health trends is also crucial (Federico, 2003). Particularly, this relates to the clients’ perceptions on the trends of paediatric illnesses. Staff The staffs are important internal stakeholders within any project. For purposes of internal evaluation, there is need for the establishment of proper communication and feedback mechanisms. The project must also evaluate the perceptions of the staff through satisfaction and welfare approaches. Personal Comments The Experience The position of a â€Å"Jean for Genes† project manager comes with a tasking yet educative experience. Nonetheless, the experience is critical for personal career and societal development (Roberts, 2011). The Value The value attached to this role and profession is immense. Particularly, this is in consideration of the fact that most basic processes here deal with human health. Generally, it is vital to protect the wellbeing of future generations. The Future It is appropriate for the organization to adopt strategic and transformative project management skills. The approach is important for future de velopment. Furthermore, technological applications must be pertinent components of future management initiatives (Roberts, 2011). References CMRI, (Children’s Medical Research Institute) (2009). What goes on four legs in the morning, on two legs at noon and on three legs in the evening? 2008/2009 Annual Report. Web. Federico, M. (2003). Lentivirus gene engineering protocols. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press. Frank, Y. Nass, R. D. (2010). Cognitive and behavioral abnormalities of pediatric diseases. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gido, J. Clements, J. P. (2009). Successful project management. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Kamerman, S. B., Phipps, S. A. Ben-Aryeh, A. (2009). From child welfare to child well-being: An international perspective on knowledge in the service of policy making. Dordrecht: Springer. Kiess, W., Chernausek, S. D. Hokken-Koelega, A. C. S. (2009). Small for gestational age: Causes and consequences. Basel: Karger. Peper, B., Doorne-Huiskes, J. Dulk, L. (2005). Flexible working and organisational change: The integration of work and personal life. North Hampton, MA: Edward Elgar. Roberts, P. (2011). Effective project management. London, UK: Kogan Page. Schwab, M. (2007). Encyclopedia of Cancer. Berlin: Springer Berlin. Stanford, J. (1999). Paper boom: Why real prosperity requires a new approach to Canada’s economy. Toronto, Ontario: Lorimer. This report on The contextual environment was written and submitted by user Moderate Pheasant to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom Who Owns Knowledge essay

buy custom Who Owns Knowledge essay The issue of bringing traditional cures to the market in industrialized nations is a very complex. This is because it has serious challenges as well as enormous benefits. The serious issue is that the traditional medicines seems to work but for these products to be brought to the market they must undergo an extensive research and testing. This brings serious concerns on who should bear the liability should these products have adverse reactions. This has put a hindrance on the very useful indigenous knowledge of the traditional cures. The issues of traditional cures should be addressed by the modern chemical world. A way should be found in which these traditional knowledge of traditional cures should be incorporated in the market. Modern corporations should undertake an intensive research of these traditional medicines and come up with a product that meets the current standards in the medical world. These would have taken into account the issue of research and the liability of the prodcts. The greatest challenge would be how these corporations should pay royalties. The knowledge on traditional cures has been passed down many generations and the issue of who exactly invented or who owns the knowledge is very hard to solve. The knowledge is seen to be own by the community that uses it because it is seen that the people who administers the medicines have been entrusted that responsibility by the community and performs that duty as a responsibility to the whole community. Since the knowledge of the traditional medicines is seen as the communities, then the royalties should be paid to the community. The challenge however is how these royalties should be paid to the community. Royalties must be paid y these corporations to the community since it own the knowledge of traditional cures. These royalties should benefit the community directly hence community and the parties involved should find a way of settlement. The most appropriate way of setttling the royalty is to the entire village of the shamans. This is because the responsibility of the traditional cures lies with the whole community and not to the shamans as individuals. If these royalties are paid to the nations in which the nations reside then there is no guarantee that the local shamans will benefit. In the event of a lawsuit, all the parties involved should share in the risks, however the risks should be to the extend to which the involved parties contributes to the details of the lawsuit. If the corporations take full responsibility of the research and test then it should bear the risks alone. The government on the other hand must formulate laws to protect both these corporations and the shamans communities. The knowledge of traditional medicines is very important and if taken seriously can bring a lot of benefits to all the parties involved, individuals, community, corporations, as well as the government. This knowledge should therefore be preserved. Buy custom Who Owns Knowledge essay

Facing the Worst

Facing the Worst Facing the Worst Facing the Worst By Maeve Maddox The English word face may be used as either a noun or a verb, as illustrated by these citations from the Oxford English Dictionary: The skullis divided into two parts, the Cranium and the Face. (noun) He faced his critics head-on andleft with his dignity intact. (verb) As a transitive verb, face means, â€Å"to show a brave or strong face to; to meet (danger, an enemy, or anything unpleasant) face to face; to oppose with confidence or defiance; to confront and deal with.† As a transitive verb used either as a main verb or in its -ing form, face requires an object: You face a difficult decision, and you must deal with it. (direct object: â€Å"a difficult decision†) The most common problem facing poor households is late payment of rent or utilities. (direct object: â€Å"poor households†) Some common expressions with the verb face are: face the consequences/ face the music: to receive the unpleasant results (often punishment) of one’s actions. Japan tells world to stand up to China or face consequences Labour calls for Brownlee to face the music face the facts: confront the truth of a situation. Time to face the facts on immigration In some expressions, face is used as a phrasal verb: face up to: accept the existence of a difficult situation. He needs to face up to his past. face off: engage in a direct confrontation or contest. GOP Assembly candidates to face off in August 12 primary Because I’m used to seeing facing used transitively, with a direct object, I was surprised to encounter this use of facing followed by an adverb phrase: Katniss, like many of her dystopian YA counterparts, faces a conflict larger than man vs. nature – shes man vs. man,  facing against an oppressive government. More idiomatic usage would be, â€Å"facing an oppressive government,† or â€Å"fighting against an oppressive government.† I found similar usage in two comments relating to popular music: I believe that Wish Upon a Blackstaris about the struggle greed brings to the world, and facing against the oppression caused by it. Songs that follow, like Corrupted and [the] album closer Invincible, continue the theme of defiance and facing against oppression in whatever forms they may appear. Facing is often followed by against in the context of facing traffic: You  must not park on a road at night facing against the direction of the traffic flow. If there is no sidewalk and you have to  walk  on the road,  walk facing against traffic. In any other context, following facing with against strikes my ear as unidiomatic: Any tips for facing against the Nova matchup? Ancelotti on facing against Manchester United Tired of facing against Shaman bots A few more expressions with the verb face: face up to: accept that a difficult situation exists. Labour must face up to its past mistakes. face head on: confront a problem directly and openly. Japan will face the robotic jobocalypse head-on, by mastering robots before they master us. face into: turn directly toward something. It’s cold as you face into the wind. face down: to confront someone or something boldly and bravely. Austria to face down World Bank over burning bondholders. face forward: to direct one’s focus to the future. I was deeply impressed that, despite all of your difficult experiences, you embody such passion to face forward and build the future together. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Bare or Bear With Me?3 Types of HeadingsPreposition Mistakes #3: Two Idioms

First semester essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

First semester - Essay Example In other words, whether the reports are prepared in conformity to all the material respects or not. The information is considered material if it has significant impact on the decision making process. If the omission of the information from the financial report can influence economic decision then the information is believed to be material (Williams, 2002). Materiality in auditing is the key concept to understand and evaluate for all the auditors. The job of auditors, whether internal or external, is to identify the materiality while making the audit report of the company. Materiality can be determined using qualitative aspects of the business. The qualitative aspect refers to the significance of a particular transaction which may not look big in size but may have importance because of the nature of the transaction (Zadek & Merme, 2003). There are various qualitative factors that are approached by the auditors to make realistic and authentic decisions. Some of the factors are (1) Likelihood of earning management, (2) Misstatement of share price, (3) Misstatement on projected earnings, (4) Likelihood of financial statement fraud, (5) Ineffective audit control culture, (6) Litigation risk, (7) Fraud detection or its symptoms etc. (Zabihollah & Riley, 2009) The nature of transaction can also be explained in terms of the disclosure regarding the financial transaction, which may not be significant in terms of size but lack of proper disclosure may have significant impact on the presentation of the business structure (Gupta, 2004). Now the question arises, how much the concept of materiality is important in audit process? The answer is explained using the literature review on materiality. The increase in requirement of information in more civilized financial market requires that more stringent audit process must be conducted to identify the facts on which the quality of the business process can be judged (Puncel, 2007). Therefore,

The Klondike Gold Rush Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Klondike Gold Rush - Research Paper Example The Klondike gold rush ended in 1899 after the discovery of another gold mine in Nome. The trade had a very remarkable impact to the economic and social conditions of people who resided in Seattle and Washington States. 2 The cultural beliefs were totally altered by the trade due to the introduction of foreign beliefs and ideologies. The economic input of the trade in these two states was equally significant. The essay below focuses on the outputs and benefits of gold trade to the Seattle and Washington state. Economic and Social Impact The Klondike gold mine changed the ways of living as well as the economic conditions of the people who resided in Seattle and by large the Washington state. The trade led to the development and growth of timber market in the Seattle state. The ship industry in the Seattle state expanded due to the increase in the number of traders who used ships to commute to Alaska.3The trade also led to the immigration of people to Seattle from North of Columbia bet ween the 1850s and 1860s. In 1850s, the gold rush to the Fraser River brought many California people to the North West, which led to the establishment of the mining industry that supplied gold to merchant in Victoria, Seattle, and Vancouver. It is the Klondike gold trade that led to the development of railway network in the Seattle state. As a result, the development of the railway network in Seattle was the facilitating factor which led to the development and growth of fish, timber, and wheat industries in the Northern part of the country. Additionally, the large number of immigrants to the area led to the immense development of the state. 4 As a result of discovery of gold rush trade in Klondike, the chamber of commerce of Seattle state met to discuss how to benefit from the trade. They planned to promote the state to an outfit center for the Northern goldfield. They formed a panel to advertise the state to the gold traders as well as other interested traders. The bureau was also mandated with the responsibility of encouraging local traders to join the trade for the benefit of the state. There was a huge campaign to inform the gold traders that Seattle was the only gate way to Alaska. The campaign has a very positive outcome because the Seattle state managed to attract more than three quarters of the gold seekers into their stores. Within the first three months of the trade, more than 15000 miners were using the Seattle resources in their trade. 5 The other business persons who operated in Seattle sold meat, clothes, and dried fruits to gold seekers. The city buildings and infrastructures also benefited from the gold trade. The houses, hotels, and other residential houses were overbooked by gold traders. This led to the construction of more houses to accommodate the traders. More job opportunities were created by increasing numbers of hotels, restaurants, and other related businesses. There was increase in the amount of money which was circulating in the Sea ttle state. In 1987, the state was trading with approximately $36 million. This increased to $ 68 million in 1898 and in 1899, the amount of money which were operating in Seattle rose to over$100 million. 6 In 1898, the Seattle chamber of commerce decided to increase the trade benefit by establishing an assay office. The idea was to help the state benefit from

How Diversity Relates to Education Essay Example for Free

How Diversity Relates to Education Essay In the general education system, it is very important that there is a wide array of diverse groups in the classroom. â€Å"It is important to have a diverse student body, not only to create a realistic setting but also to encourage people to grow outside their boundaries and learn something new about a culture they may not be familiar with. (Pendulum 1) I believe diversity is an important part of the educational system. It is something positive, and not something one should fear. I also believe that diversity I crucial to a growing child. In this essay, I will address how diversity relates to education in general and how it relates to me as a future teacher. Diversity and education in America is an important topic in today’s education system. Inclusion is a key factor in the classroom; it helps bring diversity in to the lives of many children all over the world. By having diversity in the classroom students can learn about peoples differences that make them special and unique. Through my time in taking this diversity class I have come to realize how important it is to teach children that everyone is different and special in their own way. As the student population in American schools becomes increasingly diverse, educators must respond with school reform efforts that meet the needs of all students. In order to do so, teachers need to be prepared to take on the diverse student population. Going through the school of education and this diversity class, I am able to understand now that teachers must develop a culturally sensitive curriculum that integrates multicultural viewpoints and histories, to apply instructional strategies that encourage all students to achieve, and review school and district policies related to educational equity. From my educational background so far I know that teachers must become adept at choosing printed, electronic, and audiovisual materials, and in selecting topics and assignments that value the wide variety of perspectives and interests that exist among the students in any given classroom. The concept of diversity encompasses acceptance and respect, it means understanding each student in the classroom is unique and recognizing their individual differences. â€Å"Children exposed to diverse cultures in the classroom learn to understand different points of view, which is an important part of education† (Canadian Teachers 1). Children learn to celebrate differences and learn how to work together to be successful. If teachers are accepting of students differences they will be able to look at students for their potential instead of with a bias in mind, and this will help them teach more successfully. As a future teacher, I think it is important to create a tolerant, accepting and caring classroom atmosphere and here are a couple things one can do as a teacher to incorporate diversity in the classroom. By discussing diversity, and why it is a positive thing, creating lesson plans that discuss the cultures of my students and cultures of the community I teach in, by discussing religious beliefs of the community, and by speaking to students about disabilities and at risk students will help children in my class realize that these differences do not make someone less than them. I would also teach students about socioeconomic issues and how they affect students, and will teach the differences in gender and about gender stereotypes. I will teach these stereotypes but allow both boys and girls in my classroom the same equal opportunities. I believe discussing these issues to today’s youth will help show students that all people have needs, and I would emphasize that it is important for students to accept and help each other in order to benefit themselves and the world around them. I think that by teaching lessons that incorporate diversity students can identify and overcome biases, and as a teacher I will also learn about my biases from the students in my care. As a teacher it is important to make sure the classroom atmosphere is comfortable in order to ensure productivity. Teaching students that differences are a good thing and those differences can be learned from and valued is a way to help ensure a positive classroom environment. As a teacher I will help my students understand biases, and I will help them be able to accept differences and treat people fairly by educating them about the differences of the people around them. I believe there are many ways a teacher can incorporate diversity lessons into the classroom. Overall, I believe that teaching students to respect each other despite their differences will benefit the students, the teachers, and the rest of the world. Diversity is an important topic today because everyone is different and unique; as a teacher I understand that I will never be in a school that is not a diverse teaching environment. I think that by taking this diversity class, it has helped me to realize and understand the importance diversity in the classroom and the community has to offer.

Developing and Learning - Piagets and Vygotskys Theories Essay

Introduction. In this assignment the writer will compare and contrast the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. To begin, the writer will discuss Piaget's theory of cognitive development, followed by Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development. The writer will then discuss any implications of Piaget's and Vygotsky's models for teaching and learning in the school years. In order to do this she will compare the two theories and look at any relevant evidence and research. After comparing both theories of cognitive development, the writer will do a brief summary of the two theories. Concluding her findings and how the two theories contrast each other. Piaget's Theory. Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980) looked at how children reason and think. He looked at whether children see and make sense of the world in the same way that adults do. Piaget's theory explores how children's thought processes change with development. Piaget's theory identifies four developmental stages which are sensori-motor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operations and formal operations (Smith, Cowie, Blades. 2011 P.392). He believed that children's thought processes develop as they progress through these developmental stages. During the first stage, sensori-motor, which occurs from birth to around two years, a child, just deals with what is presented to them. Everything revolves around any direct experiences. During this developmental stage, children learn the concept of object permanence (Smith, Cowie, Blades. 2011 P.395). This is where an object continues to exist even if it is out of the child?s sight. According to Piaget?s theory, it would seem that infants need to be aware of object permanence before language or symbolic communication is possible. Th... ...ories, as she feels it is important to her role as a teaching assistant and finds it interesting how individual?s learn in different ways. Works Cited Lefrancois, G.R. (2006). Theories of Human Learning. Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education. Peter K. Smith, Helen Cowie, Mark Blades. (2011) "Understanding Children's Development" Wiley-Blackwell; 5 edition. Raymond, E. (2000). Cognitive Characteristics. Learners with Mild Disabilities (pp. 169–201). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon, A Pearson Education Company. Slavin, R.E. (2005). Educational psychology: theory and practice. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Wood, K.C. (2008). Piaget's Stages. Department of Educational Psychology and Instrutional Technology, University of Georgia Web. 27 May 2015. http://projects.coe.uga.edu/eplt /index.php?title=Piaget%27s_Stages#Educational_Implications

Shalimar the Clown Salman Rushdie

The Clown Salaam Rushed The story begins with chapter Linda†. India is a young girl, ambassador's daughter. His father is Max Pulls, American former ambassador to India, and now the counter-terrorism chief. In this chapter writer describes her wish to know more about her dead mother and reason why her father don't want to talk about her mother's death. The plot of this chapter is settled in Los Angles in ass. There she met her father's chauffeur who was known as Shalom The Clown. His real name was Oman, but later the writer describes the reason of him being called like that.Shalom always looked suspicious to India, and her suspicions about him made sense when she realized that Shalom was responsible for her father's death. Reading that scene made me realism Shalom was cold assails. It was horrible when he slashed Man's throat with a kitchen knife outside Indian's apartment. Second chapter Is called Bonny. That' s again name, and one of the main characters. It bring us back in year 1960, where we learn the real through about Man's murder. Bonny was a young girl who lived in Kashmir together with Oman, know as Shalom the clown.When they et, they fell in love, and only when they had 14 years they got married. Nobody believed in their marriage. Claimer's father Abdullah refused their marriage because he thought there Is no relationship between Hindu and Muslim. Kashmir was once a paradise on earth where all people, Muslim an Hindu lived together. It was the place full of happiness and peace. Shortly after their marriage Bonny moved to anaphora place because she wanted to become famous dancer and there she met her second choice, Max Pulls, who fell in with her and got her apartment in Delhi.Shortly after she got pregnant and she got India, but she gave her the name Kashmir. When Shalom noticed her betrayal, she went from sweetest, gentlest, and most open of any human being in Pacing† too cold assails. Bonny was killed, and Max and his daughter went back to America together with Man's new British wife, who gave Kashmir name India. Shalom, who once worked as a Phasing's clown, got a job in a organization called lord Mullahs†, which was Muslim organization made to fight with Hindus. He Joined various Jihad organization and became terrorist.

Political context of The Great Gatsby

America during 1920s enjoyed a consummate historical period – so called the ‘Economic Boom'. Consequently, more and more people became wealthy. This resulted in dramatic changes in American social structure as there was a huge increase in the middle classes. People's obsession over their wealth had no limits. There was a big emphasis on individualism as the Republicans enjoyed widespread support due to their achievements. Perhaps this explains the attitude of the characters in the ‘Great Gatsby'. Gatsby's desire for wealth and individualism was certainly boosted by his feelings towards Daisy. Daisy Buchannan – who had a high rank in American society even before she got married, could not belong to Gatsby's world and their relationship in the light of this period of American history was seen as irrational. The gaps in American social structure were undoubtedly large, however Republican's idea of individualism allowed an access to higher rank in society. Characters' traits such as determination, adroitness and hard-work were heavily respected in US during that time. This explains Gatsby's struggle in achieving respected status and wealth. Perhaps, from a political point of view, Gatsby therefore could be seen as a model of a successful American during the ‘Economic Boom'. America – a great social and economic experiment, noble in motive and far-reaching in purpose. Herbert Hoover (1874 – 1964) – Republican president of USA Furthermore, the Americans' position during the 1920s made them think that they are infallible. Certainly, this resulted in racism and over – patriotic attitude. For example, Tom says that ‘Civilisation's going to pieces' referring to ‘The Rise of Colored Empires' and defines Americans as the ‘dominant race' (chapter I). This boundless confidence spread into different countries and the term of an ‘American Dream' (that is – a dream of a total achievement of wealth) became more and more popular. Ironically, America's ‘Economic Boom' was a direct consequence of the First World War when they isolated themselves and achieved a great deal of widespread wealth at the cost of the other suffering countries. In fact, the ‘Economic Boom' was mostly a result of a well-developed trade of military supplies with countries involved in war. Similarly, ‘The Valley of Ashes' (â€Å"a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat† – Chapter II) can be seen as the symbol of American's abusing of the lower social classes as the wealthy businessmen dump their ashes on the land belonging to lower ranks. Perhaps in this sense, Fitzgerald hints at his contempt of a Republican idea and despises the order in USA during that time. Therefore the ill-thought through American idea of desire for money descended from the ‘Economic Boom' in 1920s. Having said this, we are not surprised when Gatsby describes Daisy's voice as ‘full of money'. Wealth and competitiveness was considered as the norm because in early 20th century America such values had been seen as essential to become a politically correct ‘American'. To become politically correct one tended, or maybe preferred, to become blind to human suffering. It is best described by Nick that â€Å"Tom and Daisy – smashed up creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness†. Indeed, in this way, Tom and Daisy have managed to brutally achieve their ‘American Dream'.

History Hitler Essay On Economic Policies

History Hitler Essay On Economic Policies History Hitler Essay On Economic Policies History Question: Was preparing for war the main reason for Hitler’s economic policies? Answer: I do think that Hitler’s main reason for economic policies was to prepare for the war. But at the start we can see that Hitler had to deal with a lot of problems when the Nazis came into power the German economy wasn’t in a good state and Hitler had to sort this all out. However, with the recovery of the economy came a clearer focus on preparation for war, and after the introduction of the 4-year plan in 1936, we can consider that there was a significant leaning towards Hitler's aim for war. In 1933, the German economy showed significant weaknesses in all its major areas. Although it was in fact at the end of the cycle of depression this was not yet clear and the recovery of the economy was important for Germany. Hitler himself also had little involvement at this stage his interest was mainly ideological and he had limited economic understanding. Nazi economic policy in these early years revolved around traditional socialist principles; for example the nationalisation of industry, and focused on reducing unemployment and building up infrastructure. Firstly, Hitler wanted Germany to be in a better state because without that he wouldn’t be able to start the war and also wanted to gain the trust from the people of Germany. So to do that he acted as forming a policy for the employed workers in which was Hitler believed that the trade of union could disrupt the economy so he banned them in 1933. Then he set up the DAF (German Labour Front) this organisation was to ensure that the workers served the best to the Nazi regime. It also controlled the power of employees and also the employer’s rights. It also regulated the working hours for the workers. However, the German people lost their freedom of work but the German army was growing from 1000,000 to 9000,000 established the minimum working class for the workers which prevented the workers going against the Nazi policy. Now, Hitler had to look at the unemployed people because most of the unemployed people were communist so he wanted the support of every German citizen so for this he also established a policy for unemployed men which was that he set up the RAD (National Labour Service). It was made compulsory after 1935 that all young men serve in the service for six months. However, the rates of pay for these were very low, and these men had to work in fields, build public buildings and autobahns (motorways) which on another hand improved the economy as well as the infrastructure. Also the public work scheme was important for Hitler as more jobs had to be created to meet the needs of the preparations of the war this meant coal and chemical industries have to be doubled. Hitler had already decided about the women in Nazi Germany as he had made the three K’s for them, children, church and family. However, the social life for the people of Germany became really better after Hitler's policies as some of the people were given prizes such as free tickets to the theatre, free holidays with the family etc. Overall, unemployment decreased so hardship was reduced this caused Germans’ lives to be better and the DAF worked with German workers to ensure they were prevented from exploitation of employees and to make sure they are treated fairly, this meant workers were more happy to participate in work. After all this Hitler now needed to make Germany stronger so that it can be able to fight in the war because doing this was important for the future of Germany to make sure they were safe if a war should occur. In the mid-1970's, a team of scientists in America identified 25 crops growing in almost 9000 fields in California's Imperial Valley, without even being near the valley. The thing that made it possible for them to name the crops, which included lettuce and tomatoes, were pictures taken by a satellite that had passed over the valley at an altitude of 570 miles. These Earth satellites can pick

Saying Even in Spanish

Saying Even in Spanish Even has dozens of possible translations to Spanish. Heres a guide to even that will work most of the time. As is the case with other words that have a wide range of meanings, many of them apparently unrelated to each other, when translating even you need to understand first what it means and how it is used. Most of the time it is an adjective suggesting uniformity or an adverb used to add emphasis, although it can be a transitive verb as well. One way to translate even, at least when it isnt being used for emphasis, is to come up with an English synonym and then translate the synonym. This can be especially useful when a dictionary isnt helpful. ‘Even'’ Meaning ‘Uniform’ or ‘Consistent’ Uniforme can be used most of the time when even is referring to something being consistent: Las temperaturas no son uniformes durante el aà ±o. (The temperatures arent even through the year.)Es importante que la aplicacià ³n de tinte para el cabello sea uniforme. (It is importante that the application of dye for your hair be even.)Si la superficie no es uniforme, se puede usar la masilla para arreglar las fisuras. (If the surface isnt even, the putty can be used to fix the cracks.) ‘Even’ as the Opposite of ‘Odd' An even number is a nà ºmero par. Un nà ºmero par es un nà ºmero entero que puede ser dividido exactamente por dos. (An even number is a whole number that can be divided exactly by two.) ‘Even’ in Competitions In competitive contests, empatado can refer to an even or tied score: Los candidatos presidenciales estn empatados con un 48 por ciento de apoyo popular. (The presidential candidates are even at 48 percent of popular support.)Estaban empatados en la parte alta del inning 10. (They were even in the top half of the 10th inning.) ‘Even’ as Lack of Debt Two persons or entities can be said to be even if neither owes something to the other. This can be explained directly: Se me pagas 10 pesos, no me debers nada. (If you pay me 10 pesos well be even. Literally, if you pay me 10 pesos, you wont owe me anything.) Getting Even At least two reflexive verbs, vengarse and desquitarse, can be used colloquially to mean to get even as an act of vengeance: Voy a vengarme de una manera que te haga sentir miserable durante mucho tiempo. (Im going to get even with you in a way that makes you feel miserable for a long time.)No es justo desquitarse con el que trata de ayudarle. (It isnt right to get even with the one who is trying to help you.) Translating ‘Even’ for Emphasis Even often suggests the idea of up to and including a stated condition. In these cases, aun, hasta, or incluso can be used, often interchangeably. Hasta el presidente lo piensa asà ­. (Even the president thinks so.)Aun asà ­, no podemos ganar el premio. (Even so, we cant win the prize.)Aun hoy, la mejor forma de prevenir la gripe es la vacuna. (Even today, the best way of preventing the flu is vaccine.)Parece que incluso mi hijo querà ­a  ver la pelà ­cula. (It seems that even my son wanted to see the movie.)En la casa de Dios, hasta los pobres son reyes. (In Gods house, even the poor are kings.)Ser jazzista es difà ­cil, incluso en Nueva York. (Being a jazz musician is tough, even in New York.) ‘Even’ in the Negative Ni siquiera is frequently used in translating the phrase not even: Ella ni siquiera puede hablarme. (She cant even speak to me.)Un accidente destrozà ³ su coche y ni siquiera fue al hospital. (An accident destroyed his car and he didnt even go to the hospital.)Ni siquiera yo quiero estar conmigo la mayorà ­a de las veces. (Not even I want to be with myself most of the time.)El paà ­s ni siquiera va a crecer lo suficiente para pagar los intereses de su deuda. (The country wont even grow enough to pay the interest on its debt.) ‘Even’ as a Verb Verbs that mean to even, that is, to make smooth or level, include nivelar and allanar: Allanaron el terreno antes de construir la casa. (They evened the terrain before building the house.)Van a nivelar los salarios de los maestros. (Theyre going to even out the teachers salaries.) Key Takeaways Even has a multitude of meanings and can be translated to Spanish in numerous ways that depend on the context.When even is used as a way of adding emphasis, good translations include aun, hasta, and incluso.Ni siquiera is usually the equivalent of not even.

Leadership in context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Leadership in context - Essay Example Also, it will examine various leadership theories and relate them on how the guest speakers apply them in their organizations. Although there is no single style recommended as the best for all leaders some leaders achieve better performance than others depending on prevailing conditions, individual experience and the nature of other workers. According to John Ackerley, a regional manager of a football association he has a responsibility to provide business skills to the small and medium businesses in the region of west midland. Also, he offers them skills to develop the football association and coordinate the Association at the grass root level. His roles involve interacting with other stakeholders from the top to the bottom. For example, he had to share his values with the chair and the general secretary of the football association. He shares the goals of various projects with leaders of different departments and instructs the heads of different departments such as David Clarke, who is the captain of Great Briton blind club squad. Therefore, according to John anyone can be a leader in various ways. He believes that being a leader involves individual commitment to achieving specific goals. In his perception leadership, requires formal training although for general skills. However, experience is the most important determinant of successful leadership because it defines the specific goals and objectives of a leader. Through his work experience as a coach for seven years, John had the opportunity to interact with people from the diverse background. These were people with different races, age, education background, religion, etc. That helped him to learn how to relate well with diverse characteristics hence he would apply interaction skills in his leadership to coordinate the activities of various groups in the football association. The leadership skills are acquired through training and

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 44

Marketing - Essay Example A research conducted by the City analysts has predicted that Sainsbury’s is likely to register a decline in its grocery sales by 2.5% for the preceding three months. This is with the exclusion of fuel. This is going to be a big setback for Salisbury’s given that it has, for the last decade, registered only an increase in the sale of its groceries. Salisbury’s used to record all these profits until the consumers in the U.K changed their shopping habits. This was also due to the emergence of Aldi and Lidl which are discount chains. It is also noted that the prices of food fall considerably. With these changes in the markets, the big four supermarket chains in the U.K, Salisbury’s Tesco, Asda and Morrisons, have lost their market share was almost a fifth in the previous two months. Despite the fall in the market share, Morrisons is however indicated by the latest Kantar sales figures to be growing. This is unlike the other three chains of supermarkets. James Anstead, who is an analyst at Barclays, has predicted that predicted that the sales in like-for-like products for Salisbury’s are likely to drop by 25%. This is due to the coming on board of the discount chains which have offered immense competition to the supermarkets. It is indicated also that the brand of Aldi is more worth than that of Tesco. Tesco having reported a similar decline as Salisbury’s, it therefore means that the brand of Aldi is also more worth than that of Salisbury. It is predicted that in the next five years, the sales for the supermarkets are going to drop as the discounters and online shopping double their sales. The increase in sales for online shopping and the discounters is estimated at 92.9% and 82.2% respectively. This is unlike the supermarkets whose sales are expected to drop by 2.9% until the end of the year 2020. The increase in the

Budget Development Analysis Summation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Budget Development Analysis Summation - Essay Example In fact, from an examination of the report on the school budgets it is clear that schools which managed to make cuts in their budgets and reduce expenditure while offering the same level of services are applauded for their actions. The Houston school system managed to reduce expenditure while the school systems that showed an increase in expenditure were criticized for it. This situation is quite similar to the one experienced by other school systems around the country as discussed by Williams (2008) and Romanek (2008). Essentially, school budgets need to show that the schools are spending money in the right direction but it can be difficult to do so in times where rising costs are a fact of life. Romanek (2008) discusses how some schools are facing pressure on their budgets from rising fuel costs and need to move towards alternative fuels in order to make sure that they can meet the needs of the students while remaining within the funds that have been budgeted for their expenditure. While school busses run on diesel instead of gasoline, the prices for diesel itself have risen by almost three hundred percent in the last five years. While schools in the country are being forced to maintain their spending within the same budgetary constraints, schools systems are dealing with increased prices which automatically create a reduction in services. Schools may have to run fewer routes, eliminate positions for technology related teachers or even have to reduce the extra programs which they may offer to their students. The school systems’ budgets describe the reality of what it means to go through a recession and it seems that we all need to be a part of the solution in order to ensure that our education system does not

Ego Theory vs Bundle Theory

Ego Theory vs Bundle Theory Derek Parfit discusses two separate theories of personal identity, the Ego theory and the Bundle theory. The common question between these two theories is What is a person? In this paper, I will introduce the Ego Theory and the Bundle Theory, then I will go over Parfits teletransportation example. I will explain what Parfit and the Ego Theorist disagree about when it comes to teletransportation. Then I will argue in order to defend the Ego Theory and explain why I feel it is more persuasive. To begin with, I will discuss the foundation of the Ego Theory. This theory defines a person as a single unified subject of experiences.  In other words, this theory believes there is something in this world that is you and that thing is basic. Mental events exist (such as memories, sensations, emotions, desires, experiences, etc.) but are not basic. The basis of what makes up a person is something other than those mental events. This theory states that a persons continual life is described through the purpose of a specific subject of experiences, a person is an ego (unit basic quality) that a bunch of experiences happen to. On the other hand, the Bundle Theory is very different, it believes that we are not a particular subject of experiences, but a bundle. The foundation of this theory is that mental events exist but they are basic. A Bundle theorist believes there is no unit that is a person that exists in the world.  A person is just a bundle or collection of mental events. These bundle of ideas are attached to a person. We organize our notions about what is in the world by categorizing different things ad giving them a label. People decided to call the idea of what makes up a person a person. We give notions their meaning using language. This is human beings basic way of organizing and defining things in the world depending on their relation, but it is our creation. Parfit agrees with the Bundle Theory and goes on to argue that  we have defined what a person is incorrectly. Parfit goes on to discuss a scenario that involves teletransportation. He discusses a device called the teletransporter, which can read the design of a persons material while destroying it, then transfer the information to Mars at the speed of light. The receiver reads this information creating an exact copy of your material there. Parfit argues that you will die during this process, however you will have a replica of yourself who will pick up where you left off with your life. The replica will be someone who will be exactly similar to you, but it will not actually be you. It will have all your attributes such as your look, personality, memories, etc. This occurrence raises questions regarding whether the replica would be the same person as you, and hence what truly makes a person what they are. Both the Ego and Bundle theories agree that you will die during this process of teletransportation and that the replica created will not be you. They disagree why the replica will not be the same person. The Ego theory believes the replica created on Mars is not you because it is just a copy of you. No one who will exist in the future would have my ego, no one in the future will be this particular subject of experiences. In other words, no one in the future will ever be me. A replica by definition is not the same as you, its a reproduction of you. Destroying the person teletransported does not somehow make the replica of that person the same. What makes a person is their ego. A person that believes in the Ego theory would be crazy for getting in a teletransporter because it would destroy them. On the other hand, the reason the Bundle theory believes the replica created on Mars is not the same as you is because it argues there is no self, there is no such thing as a person being teletransported. There are only ideas and when your collection of ideas is teleported, your collection of ideas will disappear and a new set of ideas will appear. The replica created will have the experience of knowing what the person teletransported is like, what memories they have experienced, what emotions they process, etc. but it is not the same as actually experiencing those things. The person teletransported has memories because that person created them in a specific way. Making a replica of those memories will still not be the same as actually having those memories personally. So a person that believes in the Bundle theory would have no problem getting in the teletransporter as opposed to the Ego theory. Parfit then goes on to assert, Ordinary survival is about as bad as being destroyed and having a Replica.  What Parfit is trying to say is that teletransportation is just as bad as ordinary survival. If we believe in the Ego Theory we are worried about nonsense, because the way we perceive what defines a person is incorrect. He believes we  do not understand what we are and that our continued existence should not really matter to us. Once we understand that we are just a bundle of ideas, it should not matter whether that bundle of ideas lives or dies. In my opinion the Ego theorys line of reasoning is much more persuasive. I believe there is something special that makes each and every person different, which we call the soul. Our  consciousness is the indicator there exists a soul. We are rational beings that have a conscience which tells us right from wrong.  Also, there is something that is the foundation of a person that existed before we were born and that carries on after we die. We can decide whether we want to behave or act in a certain way, hence we have free will. All those things were in existence before we were born, they are installed in our genetic makeup.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  I believe that in order for something to exist, something else must have caused it. Our genetic make up did not just appear out of nowhere, we were created by an external force. I believe that the soul is the basis for that existence.  The soul is beyond the range of the senses of the ego, but is a part of the ego.

Essay :: essays research papers

LeBron James was born on December 30, 1984, in Akron, Ohio. His mother was Gloria James who was only 16 at the time. His father was Anthony McClelland. Gloria raised LeBron on her own. Life was often a struggle for LeBron and his mother. LeBron James, who has been called "the best high school player ever," is a creative dunker with the explosiveness of Jordan and the passing ability of Magic Johnson. Not since Kareem Abdul-Jabbar was a high schooler in the '60s has a high school sensation gotten so much exposure and generated so much excitement. He is known as a call showstopper" who has, during his tenure at St. Vincent-St. Mary High School in Akron, Ohio, exhibited the kind of fan-pleasing ability that will likely make him the NBA's No. 1 draft pick on June 26. James, who has a 32-point scoring average and 3.75 grade-point average, is a cordial, sometimes engaging youngster who is characterized by his unselfishness on the court that's mixed with a bit of flamboyance. And it's those credentials that elevated him to the level where he was the focus of what was called the "Fantastic Scholastic LeBron James Tour," an 8,500-mile, cross-country road schedule that included stops in Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Dayton and Greensboro, N.C. But with so much attention devoted to James, it has created the sometimes circus-like environment that surrounds him. Even so, he has been able to handle it with the maturity of one who is much older than his 18 years. "Sometimes it's tough because you don't get to be a kid anymore. But I've chosen this lifestyle and you have to take it for what it is," he says. "I love every moment of it. I'd rather people know me as a great basketball player than see me on the news [and people] saying something bad that I did." The McDonald's High School Player of the Year is a unique package of athletic ability and charisma that has enthralled spectators in ways not seen before at this level. This spring, for example, sellout crowds of 20,000 or more attended several All-Star games in which he played, and some paid upward of $85 to see him. There are nearly 1,100 LeBron James items listed on eBay. And when was the last time that a high schooler has generated so much excitement that his regular-season games were nationally televised?

The Evolution of Sales Models in the Indian Pharma Industry

The Evolution of Sales Models in the Indian Pharma Industry By AmArdeep Udeshi, engAgement mAnAger, ims ConsUlting groUp And mohit BAhri, ConsUltAnt, ims ConsUlting groUp Dear colleagues, We are proud to present to you the outcome of a unique initiative jointly undertaken by OPPI and IMS Consulting Group (IMSCG). As part of the OPPI Committee on Sales Force Excellence (SFE), a decision was taken last year to understand the prevailing practices and emerging trends with respect to Sale Forces, aimed at driving SFE across the Indian Pharma industry.As part of this study, OPPI and IMS Health undertook a survey amongst key senior management personnel, wherein information was captured related to sales force structures, the principle behind their set ups and the challenges faced therein. Fourteen companies responded to this survey. What is presented here is a brief glimpse of the findings of this survey, within the context of changing sales models in the Indian pharma industry. Supporting t his data are insights provided by IMS Consulting Group based on their expertise and knowledge of the industry and its changing dynamics along with inputs from other industry experts associated with OPPI.What this paper attempts to do is to showcase how sales models are being, and will continue to be, reinvented and redesigned across the Indian pharma market landscape in the years to come. We do hope you find this article and the subject as interesting as we found it to be while bringing this paper to you. Thank you, Tapan Ray Director General OPPI Ram Kalyana Country Principal, India IMS Consulting Group 2 the only ConstAnt is ChAnge itself The ever changing face of the Indian pharma industry and its ability to adapt innovatively has reinforced the fact that adaptation is the only way to survive.With every passing decade, a new commercial challenge has emerged; which in-turn has provided the industry with an opportunity to ride the waves to reach newer heights. An annual turnover of Rs 600 Bn with a CAGR in excess of 15% is a testimony to the fact that key players have emerged, winning over time. With time, newer and innovative commercial approaches have been adopted and implemented, thus demonstrating that the companies have adapted themselves to the fluidic nature of the Indian pharma market. As Fig. below indicates, following the announcement of a formal patent structure in 1995, Indian players started gearing up for the product patent regime. During this time, a transition from conservative sales models to ag- gressive and innovative sales models was observed. Companies geared up their R&D efforts to meet the product patent criteria, and undertook an aggressive expansion in early 2000s from a gradual ramp up of portfolio and sales force in late 90s. So aggressive was the portfolio expansion, that the average number of new brands launch increased from nearly 700/year in the late 1990s to >2,500/year between 2000 and 2005.At the same time, companies expanded their sales forces aggressively in attempts to reach out to the geographical corners of the country, including rural markets in the late 2000s. In a bid to increase revenue further, innovators engaged in co-promotion of their patented products and out-licensing. At the same time, with limited options to expand portfolio and near saturation in the top cities in India, companies started adopting newer commercial models and sales force structures (like task forces, therapy experts, Key Account Manager structure, Contracted Sales Operations, etc. to more efficiently target the market. Figure 1: Changing Sales Dynamics in the Indian Pharma Industry Announcement of patent regime massive restructuring and scale up product patent implemented shrinking pipeline and rise of pharmerging markets †¢ Companies start gearing up for expansion †¢ sf and portfolio ramp up †¢ Avg new products launched/yr 650-700 †¢ started investments in r&d †¢ rapid adoption of business unit structure †¢ expansion to extra-urban geographies †¢ emergence of newer sales model like taskforce, therapy experts †¢ Co-promotion/licensing agreements kicked in †¢ rise of organized retail vents likely to impact future sales models †¢health insurance †¢govt. adopting health security measures for certain sections of society †¢ gst regime †¢ Aggresive portfolio & sales force expansion, >2,500 new products launched/yr †¢ gradual adoption of business unit structure †¢ mnCs entering india and also launching global portfolio 1995-2000 Source: IMS intelligence 2000-2005 2005-2010 †¢ emergence of new stakeholders, sales channels †¢ likely adoption of newer sales model like channel management, KAm, Cso, etc 2010 and beyond Future 3 Companies who aggressively ramped-up were able to (See Fig. below) shows that these initiatives have maintain their bottom line, thus indicating that these proved to be fruitful and provided healthy bo ttom strategies paid off. A Top-level financial assessment lines. Figure 2: Profitability trends – Key companies MNCs 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 40% 35% 30% Indian Companies operating profit % 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% -5% -10% 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 novartis Astra merck Abbott pfizer Aventis ranbaxy glenmark drl sun pharma CiplA % operating profit = operating profit/ operating income source: www. money. rediff. comHowever, in an ever changing market environment, the drive up efficiencies, be it through streamlining operasustainability of these models in terms of profitability tions, adapting their sales model to market realties, or needs to be carefully considered. Hence, it’s imperative enhancing efficacy of initiatives. for the industry to look within for the opportunities to As an industry executive says, â€Å"We moved from a Sales and Marketing structure to a Business Unit structure to bring more accountability, manage evolving busi ness needs and use equity of organization for reaching to the middle of the accessible pyramid.We have also created a horizontal strategic excellence team across these BUs for process evaluation. † Another industry executive mentioned that adopting specialized field forces to promote super-specialty products, using a traditional field In a survey jointly undertaken by IMSCG and OPPI force to promote other less specialized products, and a CSO amongst leading companies related to sales practices (Contracted Sales Operations) model for rural geographies and models, it was observed that nearly 80% responded has worked well for them.Thus, the industry has seen an to having changed their sales model at least once in the adoption of multiple kinds of sales forces – an improvelast 5 years. Nearly 80% of the companies contacted ment over having a ‘traditional sales force only’ model. by IMS have already adopted multiple business unit models, with or without addition al specific task forces; While most of the companies have adopted this Business with the number of business units ranging from 2 to Unit structure, a few pushed further ahead by adopting newer innovative promotional models like patient activa10, depending on portfolio width. ion teams, therapy specialists, or creating patient awareness through mass media. CUrrent sAles models The sales force continues to be the biggest promotional investment for pharma players. Industry has evolved around making most use of this resource and has adopted innovative commercial models, from sales and marketing structure to business unit structure to specialized task forces, as per their needs – often proactively adapting existing sales models to market realities 4 As seen in Fig. below, while key determinants of the and target doctor specialty, a few companies have also sales force structure are therapy focus, portfolio width, aligned their models around geographies and profitability. Figure 3: therapy focus portfolio (number of brands) specialty focus nature of product (otC/hospital based) geography focus stage in lifecycle of the portfolio mix of different profibility brands realignment of brands due to merger/acquisition 0 2 4 5. 5 6 8 7. 2 6. 9 6. 9 6. 7 9. 2 8. 9 8. 7 10A few of the models seen in the pharma industry (see Fig. 4 below) are: †¢ therApy foCUs promotion: Generally seen where a portfolio is specialized, therapy focused, and scripts are driven through chosen few doctors; generally in chronic segment. †¢ ChAnnel mAnAgement: Mostly in OTC /OTX business; mature products with wider portfolio width. †¢ hospitAl tAsKforCe: Exclusively to manage hospital business. †¢ speCiAlty driven sAles model: Applicable in scenarios where portfolio is built around 2 or 3 specialties. tAsK forCe: Generally adopted for niche products in urban areas, such as fertility clinics or for new launches where the focus is on select top rung physicians only. †¢ o Ut-soUrCed sAles forCe: Generally used for expansion in extra-urban geographies or with companies for whom medico-marketing is secondary (such as OTC or Consumer Healthcare companies). Figure 4: Newer Sales Force Models adopted task-force institutional sales force Channel sales multiple BU sales force therapy focus specialty focus Acute vs chronic focus geography focus others Urban GeographyUrban + lower town classes therapy experts rural superspecialty focus/ niche hospital focus distributor sales force otC rural sales force (owned / outsourced) multispecialty broad portfolio Portfolio non-exhaustive indicative overview of indian pharma sales models 5 Different companies have adopted different strategies, but the key reason cited for adapting these changes remains the same: to provide better customer focus and targeting, enhance efficiencies, facilitate expansion to newer business areas (both therapies and geographies), and increase accountability of the resources.One of the execut ives surveyed said, â€Å"We created multiple structures to expand coverage to new markets and therapy areas in line with growth expectation, support new launches, and strengthen key markets & institutional sales. † For specialty products driven companies, task forces account for nearly 15% of the total sales force. Key determinants of adapting these models are therapy focus, width of product portfolio and target doctor specialties.Interestingly, responses of those companies having mature products tending to an OTX profile suggest that channel management has already made inroads into pharma sales, accounting for nearly 20% of sales forces, second only to traditional sales force. Geography also emerges as one of the key determinants of sales model adoption, which shows that companies are also looking at realigning their sales model around the varied need of various geographies. An industry executive contacted by OPPI-IMS said â€Å"A new BU was created in our company to tap t he opportunity in the lower town classes.The BU contribution to the overall business is close to 20%. † Another executive said, â€Å"Emerging and untapped business in the Class 3 or 4 towns and rural sector will impact the future selling model,† thus Figure 5: Key benefits and challenges with various sales structures acknowledging the seriousness around rural consumers. MNCs like Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Pfizer are actively expanding to Tier IV cities and below, creating profitable business models around rural geographies. Extra-urban geographies require different sales models in addition to a different strategy in terms of portfolio, distribution, pricing and promotion.It has also been observed that many companies have adopted a multi-pronged commercial model to target specific needs of the various customer sets. One of the industry executives said, â€Å"We adopted multiple strategies, like divisionalization in different therapy segment to bring better focus on fie ld implementation, creation of channel management to manage late life cycle brands, launch of an extra urban division to increase reach, and launch of super specialty division like Derma & Cardio. Previous studies from IMSCG suggest that this is not an isolated case, but is now a common practice followed by both Indian and MNC players. No one model fits all. As seen in Fig. 5 below, different models have their share of benefits and challenges; innovative sales structures increase customer focus, but with additional investment. Hence, one needs to study financial feasibility of a adopting a new commercial model. While a few companies have started to reassess their selling model, many players still rely on traditional promotional channels, where doctor coverage, call frequency, and working ays still define the KPIs for the sales force. Benefits Account management Channel management hospital management task force structure Cso †¢ high Customer focus †¢ Customer management â⠂¬ ¢ Wider reach and frecuency †¢ helpful in managing large portfolio †¢ high focus on potential hospitals †¢ high productivity for speciality business †¢ high impact and productivity †¢ service to focus customers †¢ geographically better reach †¢ flexibility in operation & reduces managerial cost Challenges high investment †¢ delay in payments †¢ lower margins †¢ resource constraint for the wider reach †¢ price war †¢ formulary listing for new products †¢ scattered geography †¢ Cost of operation †¢ Compliance and quality of operations †¢ tough to coordinate and align Cso to parent company 6 A closer look at current models show that these models, though they would have provided an edge to the players, have largely focused around single stakeholder, primarily doctors. A study by IMSCG shows that decision making power of other stakeholders, including patients, hospitals, payers, and insurance companies, ha s Figure 6: een on a steady rise in recent years. Rising influence of new stakeholders in deciding treatment pathway will force the market players to look at newer touch points with new stakeholders and hence the promotional channels. KPIs for the sales team need to evolve to include these new key stakeholders. International Scenario Media Promotion Influential Influential Indian Scenario Doctors Media Promotion Doctors Patient Groups Payors Consumers Distribution channels Distribution channels Existing Consumers Insurance Patient Groups New Weak Existing NewMoreover, there are fundamental differences in stakeholder evolution between Western and Indian markets, which to an extent explains the difference between commercial models in the West and in India. While doctors are still the center of healthcare in India, the West has seen an emergence of consumers, payers, private insurance and patient groups as strong stakeholders in healthcare management. With Westernization of the Indian healthcare market, newer stakeholders are likely to gain more importance, and thus will be the need for newer ways and means of targeting them.Leading MNCs like Sanofi-Aventis, Roche, Lilly, MSD, and GSK have already started engaging newer stakeholders (patients) to maintain their leadership in the market. Awareness campaigns, as adopted by MSD for Gardasil or by GSK for its vaccine portfolio or by Sanofi-Aventis for its top end brands have helped route the patients to their products. Weak 7 emerging trends in the heAlthCAre system OPPI-IMSCG has identified six key trends in healthcare which are likely to influence the way pharma companies adopt their sales models in the next decade.These trends will see emergence of new stakeholders and promotional channels, that no company may afford to ignore, impacting future commercial models. These key trends are: 1. pAtients inCreAsingly BeComing strong stAKeholders: Increasing education, awareness, and income have prompted patients to active ly seek a healthy life-style. Patients have emerged as stronger stakeholders in the overall treatment chain, commanding what they want, at the price they want, where they want and by whom. Demand for preventive treatment, rather than curative, is increasingly becoming prominent amongst patients.Vaccination is a case in study, where companies like GSK and MSD have targeted primarily the end-user to ramp up patient acquisition. Increasing use of health check-up packages, awareness creation through media promotion, and government initiatives in rural healthcare will only lead to further strengthening of patients as key stakeholders in the healthcare system. †¢ Engages patients by providing services at their home for products like Arava and Actonel †¢ engages patients by providing services †¢ Program is called as SPARSH Typical is called as spArsh †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢program services include †¢ Counseling †¢ Diagnostic tests t their home for products like Arava †¢ Typical services include and Actonel †¢ Counseling †¢ Delivery of starter kits †¢typical Insurance †¢ Medicalservices include †¢ Exercising equipments †¢ Counseling †¢ Physiotherapy sessions †¢ delivery starter kits †¢ Diagnostic Tests †¢ medical insurance †¢ Personalized visit †¢ exercising equipments †¢ Emergency help †¢typical services include call center †¢ Query handling via †¢ Counseling †¢ diagnostic tests †¢ Patient doesn’t has to pay anything †¢ Query handling via call center extra †¢ patient doesn't has to pay anything extra Doctors are reported about the status of the †¢ diagnostic tests patients †¢ personalized visit †¢ physiotherapy sessions †¢ doesn’t has to †¢ Patient emergency help pay anything extra †¢ doctors are reported about the status of the patients †¢ patient doesn't has to pay anything extra MNCs have been act ively engaging customers by providing disease management services to retail patients taking their products. Counseling, physiotherapy sessions, and diagnostic tests are all services being provided to patients. Patient reach programs will require different set ups and servicing teams with specific skill sets.A leading MNC vaccine player reaches out to their patients through an SMS reminder service. An industry executive mentioned use of call centers for chronic disease management as a possibility. Thus, implementation of patient engagement programs will require adoption of different sales and service models, and hence newer capabilities by market players 2. emergenCe of neW heAlthCAre delivery ChAnnels The hospital segment is strongly emerging in the Indian healthcare sector. Private and corporate hospitals have grown at a 15-20% on YOY basis, and the trend is expected to continue for the next 5 years as well.Penetration in Tier II cities and medical tourism will further boost growth of corporate hospitals. The upcoming increase in number of corporate hospitals will result in a structure where players will not only require a hospital sales force, but also the key account managers to handle relationships with wider set of stakeholders like purchase managers, administrative staff, and nursing staff. Most of the companies surveyed by IMS either already have a hospital division, or are planning to have one in next 2-3 years. 8 3.UptAKe of generiCs By government hospitAl seCtor Mandated prescribing of generics by government hospitals is expected to strongly impact the sales of branded drugs in the long run. Mandated generics prescription in the West has already led to emergence of new sales model aimed at generics promotion. Though IMSCG does not see this trend impacting India much in next 5 years, over next decade or so it will be interesting to see what new commercial models pharma players adopt. Pharma companies may also need to engage aggressively with governmen t bodies like pricing authorities, or approval committees. . groWing otC seCtor Use of media in driving brand promotion and reaching out to masses has opened up a new avenue for Pharma players to grow beyond traditional channels. Revital, Gelusil, Liv 52, Volini, No Marks, Crocin are the classic case studies, where pharma players expanded their reach through newer promotional channels like media promotion or in-store branding. Because OTC implies reaching out to patients and consumers without doctor intervention, it necessitates focusing attention on pharmacies directly, developing new distribution models, pricing and consumer targeting.Healthcare FMCG companies like GSKCH, Nestle and Britannia have a dedicated medical detailing field force meeting doctors and nutritionists to promote their brand too. Emergence of OTC is further expected to catch-up in next 5-10 years, with many more companies eyeing to acquire a broader patient base through multi-channel marketing. Hence, pharmacos need to adopt a different model for targeting customers 5. orgAnized retAil phArmACy ChAins Increasing spread of organized pharmacy chains like Apollo, Guardian and 98. 4, will make pharma players think about managing the growing power of newer distribution channels.According to industry estimates, organized retail pharmacy chains already account for nearly 5% of pharma sales in India, and their share is increasing year on year. These chains cannot be ignored any longer. Over a period of time, the role of organized players may evolve from mere distribution of drugs to managing patients’ health. Pharma companies may need to think about how to engage with these chains to deliver more and more services to their patients. With increasing share of sales, the demand for further discounting by these chains is not far away.Not only will these pharmacies demand price discounting, they will impact the way the supply chain is currently structured. With media promotion driving the custo mer pull, merchandising will take a bigger role in overall sales promotion at these pharmacies. Thus, the association between pharmacos and these chains needs to grow in a manner that both parties benefit from the inter-play. 6. rise of heAlth insUrAnCe Increasing penetration of health insurance will increase power of insurance companies to decide inclusion or exclusion of drugs in re-imbursement list.It is expected that the total population covered under health insurance will increase from 2. 3% in 2007 to 20% by 2015. The possibile emergence of a drug re-imbursement list by Indian insurance companies cannot be ruled out, which may eventually lead to dictating the business terms by insurance companies to pharma players. †¢Companies like ICICI Lombard are now eyeing to launch disease specific insurance covering cost of medications as well. One such policy, called Diabetes Care, is already in the market. 9Including insurance companies as a key stakeholder in ers,† while an other mentioned â€Å"Sales force will have to Pharma commercial model products will increasingly manage end customer connect besides marketing brands become crucial. to doctors†. Another executive feels patients will gain more importance in future, saying, â€Å"Most companies will Each of the above trends will impact the pharma sales have focused approach and work towards better customer model in their own way, paving the way for new com- service leading to patient benefit. OPPI-IMSCG feels mercial models in the pharmaceutical industry. Industry that as the momentum of evolution of these trends gather also seems to acknowledge these trends as one industry pace, so will the evolution of pharma commercial models executive stated, â€Å"Sales structures will evolve to manage in the next decade. With these changes, the industry has new channels like corporate hospitals or modern format witnessed an emergence of the concept of SFE – Sales retail. Government policies, pa yers and healthcare pro- Force Excellence. iders will influence the sales models of pharma play- are seriously looking to have a dedicated team for rural markets. Each of these models clearly points towards targeted approach to new stakeholders, though it’s too early to predict the nuances of each of the models. The role of existing resources will also evolve from †¢Ismycurrentsalesmodelsustainableinthefuture? mere touch points with customers to engaging final †¢Ismycurrentsalesmodeloptimalforfuturemarket consumers and managing the health of the patients. cenario? One industry executive points out, â€Å"Pharma sales †¢HowshouldIevolveandadapttothesechanges? structure will slowly move towards a more scientific dialogue between the sales force and the doctor. This Answers are not easy to come by, but a few compa- would require highly trained MRs with good ability nies will lead the way. According to the OPPI-IMSCG to engage doctors more effectively. † stu dy, key players in the industry believe that adaptation of current sales model will be a must for survival.This question will be even more pertinent going forWith the emergence of innovative sales models like ward; especially keeping in mind how difficult it is getkey account management, hospital task force, channel ting to find good talent in the market and how to make management, therapy specialist, and media promotion, existing talent more effective and productive through it is clear where sales models are heading. Companies skill-set enhancement. AdApting neW CommerCiAl models Emerging trends in healthcare delivery will force the pharma players to re-think about their go-to-market strategy.Some key questions to ask are: Figure 7: yesterday sales representative roles fairly standardized reach and frequency paradigm share of voice sf main promotional channel molecular targeting individual incentives technology used by innovators sfe function infrequent empirical decision making to day/tomorrow different roles: (KAm, relationships rep, sample dropper and power rep) relationship paradigm share of relationship mC2 = multi-client/multi-channel Atomistic targeting team incentives effective use of technology sfe function contributing to roi evidence-based decision making 0 The OPPI-IMSCG study predicts the gradual shift of the traditional approach of meeting the customer, to future approach of relationship building and engaging with customers. Much will change. â€Å"Managing the patients together† is perceived to be the key to success. Delinking the role of sales force from stockist management will help sales teams to focus exclusively on customers. Engaging multiple stakeholders through multi-channel promotion and touch-points will be the crucial.Segmenting the customers, from current Potential-Support Model to more evolved models like Behavioral Segmentation will provide the cutting edge to the players. e-detailing, e-seminars, e-doctor meetings, and onli ne awareness campaigns will drive the patient flow to the healthcare system. Thus, KPIs for the sales forces may evolve as well. ing in-depth analytics so as to lead to scientific decision making; from coordinating sales force activities to managing ROI through informed decision making with an end objective of improving efficiencies of existing systems.As one executive said, â€Å"There will be a concerted focus on SFE. Analytics will take over an important role in deciding sales force size and predicting sales forecast. † Measures of success will shift from PRPM model to carry-over models, thus, each incremental sales rep being added to sales force will have its own justification. With eroding product differentiation the sales and marketing capabilities will be the key differentiator. The Indian pharma industry will need to develop sales force competency and elements of SFE will take the driving seat.The reward systems will incorporate balance of sales achievement Industry e xperts also predict that evolving and harvesting with equal emphasis in effort parameters. newer touch points with patients will be a key to success. Study of patient flows in healthcare is likely to gain Considering that the largest resource allocation in comimportance. Not only will patient flow study impact the panies takes place on sales teams, it becomes important sales model, it will also impact the portfolio choice for the that SFE as a function be evaluated ore seriously. In players. An industry executive pointed out,â€Å"Key Account order to institutionalize the discipline of SFE, companies Management will have increasing importance for MNCs will need to build capabilities for an enterprise-wide SFE with pipeline of patented products and strategic partner- setup which will be actively engaged in enabling investing initiative will also impact sales models. † ments into innovative and hybrid sales models or demand generation models.To do this successfully and build a Within the last 5 to 6 years, companies have also created better business case for the same, companies will need a dedicated SFE function, with the purpose of improv- to closely examine how investments are channelized into ing the productivity of the sales forces. The role of SFE is each of the various initiatives – balancing financial rigour expected to evolve strongly over the next 5 years, involv- with overall implementability. Figure 8: Smaller field forces: removal of mirrored field forces Right sizing: each rep seeing 30-40 doctors more oftenAccount based selling: managing groups of prescribers based on % effort and not reach & frequency Key Account Mgt: relationship rep can call in specialized personnel as needed Prescriber Knowledge opportunity – Accessibility – responsiveness the sales model of Today Organizational Models therapy focused – team based – outsourcing specialist – Key Account mgt. new bonus and compensation models patie nt flow – local guidelines/Bodies influence to diagnose & prescribe the sales model of The Future Portfolio Treatment Pathways & InfluenceMNCs are expected to lead the change and that trend of micro-targeting has already begun. Companies like MSD, Sanofi-Aventis, and Roche have shown that value, and not cost, drives the healthcare choice. Januvia, (though much lesser than international price) is priced much higher and entered recently in the market, has already clocked sales of >Rs 100 crs. Thus, its well said by a pharma executive: â€Å"The way of marketing differentiated products, depending on their life cycle stage, will be of utmost importance.Newer ways of promotion too will have to be considered. † 11 Conclusion Declining effectiveness of current sales models will only lead to emergence of newer approaches in pharma selling. Though the approaches will vary vastly from company to company, the trend has already started. Pharmaceutical players should seriously star t evaluating their options and envisage how their sales models should evolve in the next 10 years to maintain their competitive edge. Where doesthefuturelie? IsKAMthesolution,orisittheCSO that will emerge?Willchannelmanagementgainmost importance? Towhatextentshouldmarketcoveragebe increased? How would one need to balance this with costeffectiveness? Theanswerswillemergeonlywiththe time, but with market maturing, patients actively seeking healthcare, and newer stakeholders emerging, another round of adaptation in pharma sales model is inevitable. No single business model may suffice in future. The future will belong to hybrid business models, with different structures co-existing together.We would like to acknowledge the contributions of the following OPPI – SFE Committee Members : Mr. Rajan Tejuja, Chairman, OPPI SFE Committee and President & Executive Director, Johnson & Johnson Ltd. Mr. Vinay Gokhale,Vice Chairman, OPPI SFE Committee and Sales Training & Development Manager , Abbott India Ltd. Mr. Sekar Sabapathy, Member, OPPI SFE Committee and Senior Director – Cardiology & Hospital BU, Aventis Pharma Ltd. (Group Sanofi Aventis). Mr. Biplab Chatterjee, Member, OPPI SFE Committee and Vice President – Sales, Solvay Pharma India Ltd.Mr. Partha Ghosh, Member, OPPI SFE Committee and Director, Commercial, Pfizer Ltd. Mr. Vivek Padgaonkar, Director, OPPI. ABoUt ims ConsUlting groUp: inflUenCing the fUtUre of gloBAl heAlth IMS Consulting Group (IMSCG) is the pre-eminent global life sciences consultancy. Distinguished by our sector and client focus, international reach, world-class methodologies and unrivaled talent, we provide clients with Powerful Insights that inform Smarter Decisions. 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